Curcumin attenuates late-phase CD69 decline and up-regulates late-phase CCR7 and L-selectin expression.

<p>CD4⁺ T cells were cultured in the presence of anti-CD2/CD3/CD28 antibody-coated beads only (Act.) or with 2 µg/mL curcumin (Cur.) for 3 days. Act. (1/2) and Act. (1/10) indicate a 1∶2 and 1∶10 bead-to-cell ratio, respectively. (A) Cells were harvested at the indicated time point and the percentage of CD69⁺ cells was determined by flow cytometric analysis. (B–D) After 3 days of culture, cells were harvested, washed with PBS, and then transferred to a new cell culture plate in fresh media for an additional 3 days. The cells were then stained and analyzed by flow cytometry. (B) Histograms of CD69 expression and the total percentage of CD69⁺ cells. (C) The numbers in each plot and the number in blanket indicate the percentage of cells in each respective area and the percentage of CD69⁺ cells among cells positive with the Y axis, respectively. (D) The percentage of total cells positive for each molecule. Data are representative of 3 replicate experiments yielding similar results. (A, B and D) Data are presented as the mean ± SD. *<i>P</i><0.05, ***<i>P</i><0.001.