Covariate-adjusted mean (SEM) bone mineral density of the lumbar spine by quartiles of each WA-index of FM.

<p>FM: fat mass (kg); LM: lean mass (kg); BMD: bone mineral density; WA-: body weight adjusted.</p><p>Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and linear regression was carried out, controlling for age, education, energy-adjusted (EA-) intake of protein, calcium, and phosphorus, calcium supplements, daily energy expenditure in various physical activities except for sitting and lying, drinking and smoking (for men only), estrogen use, age at menarche, and YSM (for women only), weight (except for weight analysis), and height.</p><p>% Diff.: percentage difference = (Q4–Q1)/Q1×100%.</p><p><i>P</i>: <i>P</i> for group difference.</p>†, ††, †††<p>: compared with Q1, <i>P</i><0.05, <i>P</i><0.01, <i>P</i><0.001 (Bonferroni).</p>*<p>, **, ***: <i>P</i> for the linear trend (linear regression), <i>P</i><0.05, <i>P</i><0.01, <i>P</i><0.001.