Metabolomics Analysis and Biosynthesis of Rosmarinic Acid in <i>Agastache rugosa</i> Kuntze Treated with Methyl Jasmonate

<div><p>This study investigated the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on metabolic profiles and rosmarinic acid (RA) biosynthesis in cell cultures of <i>Agastache rugosa</i> Kuntze. Transcript levels of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes, i.e., <i>ArPAL</i>, <i>Ar4CL</i>, and <i>ArC4H</i>, maximally increased 4.5-fold, 3.4-fold, and 3.5-fold, respectively, compared with the untreated controls, and the culture contained relatively high amounts of RA after exposure of cells to 50 µM MeJA. RA levels were 2.1-, 4.7-, and 3.9-fold higher after exposure to 10, 50, and 100 µM MeJA, respectively, than those in untreated controls. In addition, the transcript levels of genes attained maximum levels at different time points after the initial exposure. The transcript levels of <i>ArC4H</i> and <i>Ar4CL</i> were transiently induced by MeJA, and reached a maximum of up to 8-fold at 3 hr and 6 hr, respectively. The relationships between primary metabolites and phenolic acids in cell cultures of <i>A. rugosa</i> treated with MeJA were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In total, 45 metabolites, including 41 primary metabolites and 4 phenolic acids, were identified from <i>A. rugosa</i>. Metabolite profiles were subjected to partial least square-discriminate analysis to evaluate the effects of MeJA. The results indicate that both phenolic acids and precursors for the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, such as aromatic amino acids and shikimate, were induced as a response to MeJA treatment. Therefore, MeJA appears to have an important impact on RA accumulation, and the increased RA accumulation in the treated cells might be due to activation of the phenylpropanoid genes <i>ArPAL</i>, <i>ArC4H</i>, and <i>Ar4CL</i>.</p>