GTM-1 up-regulates autophagy level.

<p>A, SH-SY5Y/LC3-GFP and MC65 cells were treated with 20 µM GTM-1 for 12 hrs. Next, the cell lysates were analyzed using western blotting with anti-LC3 and anti-β-tubulin (as a control). B, Left: SH-SY5Y and MC65 cells were treated with 20 µM GTM-1 for 6 hrs. Next, the cell lysates were analyzed using western blotting with anti-LC3 and anti-β-tubulin (as a control). Right: quantification of the Western blot images of the ratio between LC3-II and tubulin. C, MC65 cells were treated with vehicle control (1% DMSO) or GTM-1 (20 µM) for 8 hrs. The cells were then fixed with glutaraldehyde and prepared for EM analysis. Bar, 1∶11,000. Arrows indicate double and multi-membrane autophagosomic vesicles.