Percentage of species occurring above a specific elevation and shifts of the upper range margin of individual species in relation to frequency.

<p>(a) Comparison of the percentage of species occurring above a specific elevation in the two surveys in the low-range mountain forests of the Bavarian Forest National Park. To generate these plots, we used the empirical cumulative distribution function (for details, see Statistical methods) from 1902–1904 (blue) and 2006–2007 (red) and included only species that were recorded in both surveys. The stair-step pattern is a consequence of sampling discrete sites on the gradient. Note that the highest points sampled in each survey differ somewhat. p-values and the maximum distance (D) arising from a Kolmogorov Smirnov test are given. For Coleoptera, we recalculated the curves for species with at least 5, 10 and 50 individuals (grey lines). (b) Shift of the upper range margin between the surveys of 1902–1904 and 2006–2007 in relation to the number of plots on which a species was recorded (frequency).