Carotenoid concentration (mean ± SD µg/mL) of each pigment and total carotenoid concentration in plasma of wild and captive Andean condors and in wild American black vultures.

<p>Effect size estimations (Cohen’s d ±95% confidence intervals CI) for univariate differences in concentrations of plasma carotenoids between captive and wild Andean condors, and between wild Andean condors and wild American black vultures are shown. All comparisons between captive and wild Andean condors were statistically significant (t-test, all P<0.0001). All comparisons between wild Andean condors and wild American black vultures were statistically significant (t-test, all P<0.028), except those involving echinenone and β-carotene (t-test, both P>0.37).