Combined use of receptor agonists reproduces VIP and PACAP effects on HIV-1 replication

<p>. Macrophages were infected with an R5-tropic HIV-1 isolate (Ba-L) and treated with agonists for the VPAC1 (<i>agVPAC1</i> 2.5 nM), VPAC2 (<i>agVPAC2</i> 2.5 nM) or PAC1 (<i>agPAC1</i>, 5 nM) receptors or with VIP (5 nM) and PACAP (5 nM), either alone or in combination, as indicated. Viral replication was measured in the culture supernatants using an HIV-1 p24 ELISA 12–14 days after infection. Viral production in the positive control (HIV-1-infected cells cultured only with medium): 3.0±0.8 ng/mL p24 Ag. **<i>p</i>≤.01; ***<i>p</i>≤.001.