Global gene flow for <i>Spongospora subterranea</i> f.sp. <i>subterranea</i> and historic dissemination of the potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>).

<p>Estimates were determined among Europe (EU), Africa (AF), Asia (AS), Australasia (AU), North America (NA), and South America (SA). The white arrow indicates estimates of historic gene flow using MIGRATE given as migrants scaled by the mutation rate. Curved black arrows indicate significant recent gene flow between regions inferred by BAYESASS, given as percent of the receiving population. Confidence intervals (5%–95%) are given in parenthesis. Numbered straight arrows represent the historic dissemination steps of potato mediated by human activities; 1) The conquistadors brought the potato to Europe (1567–1593); 2). In the early 1600s, the potato was taken from Europe to Asia; 3) In 1613, the potato was taken from England to Bermuda and from there to Virginia (United States) in 1620; 4 and 5) Further dissemination of potato from England to Southern Africa (1880s), New Zealand (1769) and Australia (1787). Data extracted from historic documents, provided by International Potato Center (CIP), Peru.