Global Genetics and Invasion History of the Potato Powdery Scab Pathogen, <i>Spongospora subterranea</i> f.sp. <i>subterranea</i>

<div><p><i>Spongospora subterranea</i> f. sp. <i>subterranea</i> (<i>Sss</i>) causes two diseases on potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>), lesions on tubers and galls on roots, which are economically important worldwide. Knowledge of global genetic diversity and population structure of pathogens is essential for disease management including resistance breeding. A combination of microsatellite and DNA sequence data was used to investigate the structure and invasion history of <i>Sss</i>. South American populations (four countries, 132 samples) were consistently more diverse than those from all other regions (15 countries, 566 samples), in agreement with the hypothesis that <i>Sss</i> originated in South America where potato was domesticated. A substantial genetic differenciation was found between root and tuber-derived samples from South America. Estimates of past and recent gene flow suggested that <i>Sss</i> was probably introduced from South America into Europe. Subsequently, Europe is likely to have been the recent source of migrants of the pathogen, acting as a “bridgehead” for further global dissemination. Quarantine measures must continue to be focussed on maintaining low global genetic diversity and avoiding exchange of genetic material between the native and introduced regions. Nevertheless, the current low global genetic diversity of <i>Sss</i> allows potato breeders to select for resistance, which is likely to be durable.</p>