Increased numbers of circulating natural Treg cells in adult RCD and treated CD compared to controls.

<p>Peripheral blood was obtained from adult patients with RCD (n = 14), CD patients responding to a GFD (treated CD, n = 13) and healthy controls (n = 14). (<b>a</b>) The percentages of Foxp3 cells within the total CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells and within the different CD4⁺CD62L/CD38 T cells were determined. (<b>a</b>) Percentage of Foxp3⁺ cells within the total CD4⁺ T-cell gate (<b>b</b>) The percentage of Foxp3⁺ T cells in the CD62L⁺CD38⁺ and CD62L⁺CD38^neg subset. (<b>c</b>) The percentage of Foxp3⁺ in the mucosally-imprinted CD62L^negCD38⁺ T cells or in the CD62L^negCD38^neg T-cells in patient groups and controls. (<b>d</b>) Lymphocytes of 4 RCD patients were gated on CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells and Foxp3 and Helios positivity were analyzed. The large majority of the Foxp3⁺ cells co-expressed Helios. (<b>e</b>) Representative dot-plots of Foxp3 and Helios expression (left panel) and isotype controls (right panel) are shown. Data analyzed Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test. CD, celiac disease; RCD, refractory celiac disease.