Cell model summarizing the hypothetical inhibitory effect of AMPK activation on CTX induced chloride secretion.

<p>CTX binds to the surface ganglioside GM1. Following internalization, the A subunit of the toxin stimulates adenylate cyclase, leading to increased intracellular levels of cAMP and CFTR opening. Secretion of chloride increases luminal osmolarity, resulting in water secretion. Activation of AMPK by AICAR or metformin has an inhibitory effect on CFTR and may therefore abrogate the CTX induced hypersecretion of chloride.