Model of cytokine signaling pathway involved in inflammation.

<p>Two of the prominent inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α, signal through MAP kinase (ERK/JNK/p38) activation leading to MMP-3 release via different pathways. Among other focal adhesion proteins, PTPα is required for IL-1β signaling to ERK. Abbreviations used are: IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-1R1: interleukin-1 receptor-1; IL-1RAcP: interleukin-1 receptor associated protein; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; TNF-αR: tumor necrosis factor-α receptor; FAK: focal adhesion kinase; IP3R: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; AP-1: activating protein-1; MMP-3: matrix metalloproteinase-3.