Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field Suppresses Development of Eyes and Germ Cells through Blocking Synthesis of Retinoic Acid in Medaka (<i>Oryzias latipes</i>)

<div><p>Application of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) has attracted rising attention in various scientific fields including medical, pharmacological, and biological sciences, although its effects and molecular mechanisms leading to the effects remain poorly understood. Here, we show that a single, high-intensity (10–30 kV/cm), 60-ns PEF exposure affects gene expression and impairs development of eyes and germ cells in medaka (<i>Oryzias latipes</i>). Exposure of early blastula stage embryos to nsPEF down-regulated the expression of several transcription factors which are essential for eye development, causing abnormal eye formation. Moreover, the majority of the exposed genetic female embryos showed a fewer number of germ cells similar to that of the control (unexposed) genetic male at 9 days post-fertilization (dpf). However, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) treatment following the exposure rescued proliferation of germ cells and resumption of normal eye development, suggesting that the phenotypes induced by nsPEF are caused by a decrease of retinoic acid levels. These results confirm that nsPEFs induce novel effects during embryogenesis in medaka.</p>