Human, plant and bacterial DING proteins block the recruitment of p65-NF-κB to HIV-1 LTR.

<p>(A) The p65 NF-κB occupancy on HIV-1 LTR was tested in U87MG cells exposed to four DING proteins. The 300 bp HIV-1 LTR fragment was amplified with a pair of primers used for detection of NF-κB binding. (B) the optical density of PCR amplicons was tested by the Adobe Photoshop software and ImageJ analysis Program. The (input) represents total amount of HIV-1 LTR DNA before the immunoprecipitation; (IP:p65 NF-κB) – represents the amount of p65 NF-κB/LTR complex in cells treated or not (Mock) with each DING protein. (IP: mouse serum) – indicates immunoprecipitation with a non-specific serum. Data were analyzed using Excel software. The results are representative of at least two separate experiments.