The geographical distribution of impact in real-world disruptions.

<p><b>(a, b)</b> The panels depict percent airport-to-region distance shift, i.e. the median change in effective distance from a given airport to all airports in a specific region. An airport's shift profile reveals fine-grained information about the regional structure of its connections. For instance, shifts are generally larger for airports geographically close to the disruption epicenter, indicating strong within-region connections. We also see more idiosyncratic features, for instance, Madrid is close to the ash cloud epicenter but exhibits a relatively small shift from Latin America because it is strongly connected to it. <b>(c, d)</b> Panels depict percent inter-regional distance shift, i.e. the median change in effective distance from all airports in a specific region to all those in a second region. When the ash cloud shuts down many European airports, Europe predictably experiences a strong distance shift throughout. More interestingly, Africa experiences a comparable shift and all regions shift away from geographically distant regions. Meanwhile, shifts due to the 9/11 closures are confined to North and Central America, evidence that European hubs are more crucial to inter-regional connectivity.