Metformin reduces apoptosis without increasing necrotic cell death.

<p>Cells were exposed to GCDCA (50 µmol/L) for 4–16 hrs. Metformin (1 mmol/L) was added 10 minutes before addition of GCDCA. Cells stimulated with H₂O₂ (5 mmol/L, 6 hrs) were used as positive control. Sytox green nuclear staining was used to determine necrotic cell death. N = 5. Representative images 4 hrs and 16 hrs after stimulation are shown, percentages in panels indicate % of necrotic cells. Upper panel: phase contrast. Lower panel: fluorescence. Magnification 10X.