<i>F. tularensis</i> induces ATG5-independent autophagy in infected cells.

<p>Representative transmission electron micrographs of (<b>A</b>) uninfected and (<b>B</b>) <i>F. tularensis</i> infected ATG5^−/− MEFs. (<b>C</b>) Higher magnification of representative infected MEF. <i>F. tularensis</i> is depicted with open faced arrows (>) and autophagosomes with solid arrows (▸). All scale bars represent 0.5 um. (<b>D</b>) The percentage of cytoplasm that is autophagic in ATG5^−/− MEFs in uninfected and infected cells (• represents 1 cell, n≥20 per sample). (<b>E</b>) The number of acidic vacuoles per cell in wild type and ATG5^−/− MEFs. MEFs were uninfected, infected, or infected and treated with 3MA (mean +/− SEM, n>30 cells per sample from 6 independent experiments). (* p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001).