Enforced expression of <i>miR-22</i> in the heart is sufficient to induce cardiomyopathy.

<p>(A) Representative hearts of TG-M, TG-H and non-transgenic (WT) mice at 12-weeks of age. Top and bottom panels show Masson’s Trichrome stained sections at low and high magnification respectively (Scale bars: 1mm and 50mm). (B,C) Heart weight normalized to body weight (HW/BW) in 12-week old TG-M and TG-H mice versus WT (<i>n</i> = 5-12). (D) Analyses of cardiac function by echocardiography in 12-week old TG-M and WT mice. LVESD, LV end-systolic dimension; LVEDD, LV end-diastolic dimension; LVPWS, LV posterior wall thickness at end-systole; FS, fractional shortening (<i>n</i> = 10-11). (E) Hemodynamic analysis with a Millar catheter in 12-week old TG-M and WT mice. HR, heart rate; LVEDP, LV end-diastolic pressure; LVP, maximal LV pressure; +dP/dt max, maximal contraction rate; -dP/dt max, maximal relaxation rate (<i>n</i> = 5). (F) Relative mRNA expression levels of indicated genes in 12-week old TG-M and WT mice. Bars represent expression normalized with WT set equal to 1.0 (<i>n</i> = 3-4). Student <i>t</i> test. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001.