Improving Acetate Tolerance of <i>Escherichia coli</i> by Rewiring Its Global Regulator cAMP Receptor Protein (CRP)

<div><p>The presence of acetate exceeding 5 g/L is a major concern during <i>E. coli</i> fermentation due to its inhibitory effect on cell growth, thereby limiting high-density cell culture and recombinant protein production. Hence, engineered <i>E. coli</i> strains with enhanced acetate tolerance would be valuable for these bioprocesses. In this work, the acetate tolerance of <i>E. coli</i> was much improved by rewiring its global regulator cAMP receptor protein (CRP), which is reported to regulate 444 genes. Error-prone PCR method was employed to modify <i>crp</i> and the mutagenesis libraries (~3×10⁶) were subjected to M9 minimal medium supplemented with 5–10 g/L sodium acetate for selection. Mutant A2 (D138Y) was isolated and its growth rate in 15 g/L sodium acetate was found to be 0.083 h^-1, much higher than that of the control (0.016 h^-1). Real-time PCR analysis via OpenArray^® system revealed that over 400 CRP-regulated genes were differentially expressed in A2 with or without acetate stress, including those involved in the TCA cycle, phosphotransferase system, etc. Eight genes were chosen for overexpression and the overexpression of <i>uxaB</i> was found to lead to <i>E. coli</i> acetate sensitivity.</p>