Age estimates of Xylocopinae root age and tribal crown ages obtained from an uncorrelated log normal relaxed clock model from BEAST as well a penalized likelihood transformation of a Bayesian phylogram from MrBayes (in parentheses).

<p>The root node, connecting the corbiculate outgroup with the Xylocopinae, was set at four different values, ranging from 90 Mya to 120 Mya to explore the effects on internal node estimates. The root node age set to 107 Mya corresponds to the estimate for this node by Cardinal and Danforth <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0076683#pone.0076683-Cardinal2" target="_blank">[5]</a>.