Direct bed shear stress measurements under solitary tsunami-type waves and breaking tsunami wave fronts

During their propagation tsunamis often traverse continental slopes that are relatively steep compared to deeper oceans. Further due to the change of bed slope from offshore to near shore, there is every likely possibility that a tsunami might steepen and eventually break, thereby generating large pressure gradients that could enhance the likelihood of liquefaction of the seabed. In the drawdown, high shear stresses could trigger debris flow in submarine canyons and on steep ridges