Lumbar spines (L1-L5) collected from fresh cadavers were used for biomechanical tests in the current study (a); Bony endplate was exposed by removing the soft tissue (b); After removing the posterior elements and endplate preparation, each lumbar vertebra was placed at the fixture of the material testing system and then the axial compression test was conducted under the displacement control mode (c).

<p>Lumbar spines (L1-L5) collected from fresh cadavers were used for biomechanical tests in the current study (a); Bony endplate was exposed by removing the soft tissue (b); After removing the posterior elements and endplate preparation, each lumbar vertebra was placed at the fixture of the material testing system and then the axial compression test was conducted under the displacement control mode (c).