Effects of <i>Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens</i> M1 inoculation on splenic Th1 cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ (A) and interleukin (IL)-12 (B) responses stimulated by different Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists in germ-free mice.

<p>The splenocytes of germ-free control mice (GF), gnotobiotic mice single inoculated with <i>L. kefiranofaciens</i> M1 (M1) after 4 and 8 weeks and continuous inoculation for 2 weeks were isolated. The isolated splenocytes were stimulated by TLR2 (pam: pam3csk4), TLR3 (poly(I: C)), TLR4 (LPS: lipopolysaccharide), TLR5 (fla: flagellin), TLR7/8 (R-848) agonists or left untreated. After 24 hours incubation, the supernatants were collected and the cytokine productions were measured. Means for data without a common letters differ significantly (<i>p</i><0.05). (Germ-free control: 8 weeks old germ-free mice control; SI-4w: 4 weeks old germ-free mice after inoculation with <i>L. kefiranofaciens</i> M1 for 4 weeks; SI-8w: 4 weeks old germ-free mice after inoculation with <i>L. kefiranofaciens</i> M1 for 8 weeks; CI-2w: 4 weeks old germ-free mice after 2 weeks continuous inoculation with <i>L. kefiranofaciens</i> M1 in a 2-day interval).