Map of the study area, with locations and mean latitudes of the four state-owned forests used in the retrospective analysis (Pays de Monts, Olonne, Longeville, and Hourtin; right panel). These studied forests represent the northern limit of Holm oak distribution in Europe.

<p>All forest covers are represented in green colour. The map in the left panel shows the changes in Holm oak suitable habitat by 2055 in France as predicted by the BIOMOD niche-based model <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0080443#pone.0080443-Cheaib1" target="_blank">[31]</a>. The base map featuring the forested areas was extracted free of charge and use from the IGN National Forest Inventory cartography site ((© IGN 2013 – BD Forêt V1 des départements 33,17, 85 and FranceRaster® V.1 (2007 ©IGN/CARTOSPHERE))).