Effects on glucose metabolism in <i>db/db</i> mice treated with R419.

<p>Male <i>db/db</i> mice (8 weeks old) were PO QD dosed with vehicle, 5 mg/kg R419, or 10 mg/kg R419 for 8 days. On day 8, mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mg/kg [U-¹³C]-D-glucose 30 minutes after compound dosing. Liver, skeletal muscle, adipose, and plasma samples were collected at 60 and 90 minutes following glucose injection (n=4). <i>A</i>: ¹³CO₂ enrichment (¹³CO₂/¹²CO₂ ratio) in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose. <i>B</i>: ¹³C-labeled palmitate or myristate enrichment (% of palmitate or myristate) and normalized palmitate or myristate measured following saponification of skeletal muscle acylglycerols and acylcarnitines. % of total fatty acid was obtained using the following formula, (integrated peak area of ¹³C-labeled fatty acid)/ (integrated peak area of ¹³C-labeled plus unlabeled fatty acid). Total fatty acid (labeled plus unlabeled) was normalized by tissue weight. The data are presented as mean (bar) ± SEM (line). Statistical analyses between an R419-treated group and the corresponding vehicle control were performed using the unpaired 2-tailed Student <i>t</i> test. Asterisks *, ***, #, and ## represent p < 0.05, p <0.001, p < 0.0001, and p < 0.00001 respectively for R419 treatment compared to vehicle.