Microbiota composition in CT and βGalT1 mice.

<p>Fecal bacterial DNA was isolated from CT mice (black, n = 12) and TG mice (red, n = 12) and qPCR was performed with primers specific for the main bacterial species normally found in the gut. After the qPCR, the results were normalized to the total amount of bacteria. (A) Bacteroidetes are reduced and (B) Firmicutes are increased in the TG mice compared to CT mice. (C) The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio is significantly increased in TG mice compared to CT mice. (D) Visualization of the Paneth cell numbers in ileum by PAS staining. Representative CT sample on the left and TG sample on the right. TG mice have similar amounts of Paneth cells compared to CT mice. (E) Visualization of the Paneth cells granules by MMP-7 staining in ileum. Representative CT sample on the left and TG sample on the right. TG Paneth cells have reduces granule content compared to CT Paneth cells.