Path diagramms showing the influence of elevation, local competition from neighboring trees, pollination environment and tree size and on the fruit set of <i>R. davurica</i>.

<p>The arrows define the cause-and-effect relationships in the path diagram for the causal model. Path coefficients are given for each arrow. Female size is expressed as stem diameter (cm) at breast height measured in May 2010. ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05.