Uroplakin-3 (UP3) immunofluorescence.

<p>(A) Confocal image of a UP3-positive urothelial cell shed into the urine of a LUTS patient, a composite showing the expression of UP3 in red and DAPI-stained host (solid white arrow) and bacterial (broken white arrow) DNA in blue. Each channel is also shown in monochrome. The boundary of the cell is represented by a broken white line. White scale bar is 10µm. (B) Epi-fluorescent image of UP3-positive urothelial cells (solid white arrow) and a single UP3-negative epithelial cell (broken white arrow) harvested from the urine of a patient with LUTS. The composite image shows UP3 in red, host DNA in blue and the brightfield (BF) channel in greyscale. Channels are also shown separately in monochrome. White scale bar is 50µm. (C) Graph showing the median proportion of UP3-positive cells found in MSU samples (N=22) when compared with vaginal swabs (N=22). 75% (Q1=68, Q3=78.5) of the cells found in the MSU samples were UP3-positive in contrast to only 25% (Q1=19, Q3=32) in the vaginal swabs (U=1, p <.001).