Behavioral Results in the Elevated Plus Maze.

<p><b>A</b>. Bar graph depicting the preferences of running (black) and sedentary (white) mice for closed versus open arms in the EPM. The results show that running mice displayed a significant preference for the open arms (**P<0.01). <b>B</b>. Bar graph depicting the time spent by running and sedentary mice on open versus closed arms. Post-testing identified that running mice spent significantly more time in the open arms (***P<0.001) and less time on the closed arms (**P<0.01) compared to sedentary mice. <b>C</b>. The number of entries to the open and closed arms of the maze by running and sedentary mice. Both sedentary and running mice displayed more entries to the closed arms than to the open arms of the EPM (Two-Way ANOVA, Running Factor: F (1, 64) = 0.59, P = 0.4470; Arms Factor: F (1, 64) = 15.13, ***P<0.0005; Interaction: F (1, 64) = 4.70, *P<0.05). The significant interaction between the running and arms factors indicates that animals from both groups displayed an opposite preference for entering the respective arms, as seen in the graph. <b>D</b>. Bar graph depicting the number of explorations of closed and open arms by the running and sedentary mice. Running affected significantly the type of arms explored (Two-Way ANOVA: Running: (F (1, 64) = 5.30, P>0.0246); Arms (F (1, 64) = 18.57, ***P<0.0001; Interaction; (F (1, 64) = 0.49, P>0.4886). <b>E</b>. Bar graph depicting the RABs examined. Unprotected and protected head dippings (UHD and PHD, respectively), stretch attendance postures (SAPs), grooming, and rearing. General Linear Model (GLM) MANOVA revealed an overall significant effect by exercise (Exercise: F (5, 33) = 5.4619, **P<0.01). Multiple post-testing confirmed that running animals had significantly higher number of UHD (F (1, 33) = 15.9054, ***P<0.0005) and Rearing (F (1, 33) = 5.553, *P<0.05), but no significant difference in PHD (F (1, 33) = 3.5576, P>0.05), SAPs (F (1, 33) = 1.9902, P>0.1), or grooming (F (1, 33) = 0.3035, P>0.5) were found.