Neural response to punishment compared to no reward.

<p>Significant activation for in the lateral OFC and insula (A), the DLPFC (D), as well as in ACC and bilateral insula, are overlaid on coronal slices of the group mean structural image. All activations were thresholded by using cluster detection statistics, with a height threshold of z>2.3 and a cluster probability of P<0.05, corrected for whole-brain multiple comparisons. The right OFC and right DLPFC ROIs showing common reversal effect for reward and punishment are shown in white color, on panel A and D respectively. Their left homologues were defined by a left-right flipping. Percentage signal change in the left (B) and right (C) OFC, the left (E) and right (F) DLPFC, is plotted as a function of learning stage (1E vs. 2–5E), feedback type (no reward vs. punishment). Error bars indicated with-subject standard error. 1E: first error; 2–5E: error trials during repetitions 2 to 5.