Power comparison in the marginal effect model when the effect sizes of causal variants are negatively correlated with MAFs.

<p>Powers were calculated for nominal α levels 0.05 (left) and 0.01(right) and for dichotomous traits (upper) and continuous traits (lower). Powers were evaluated for <i>I</i>₁, <i>I</i>₂, <i>p</i>*, SKAT, SKATint, VT, RB, WS and CMC. Scenarios with different sample sizes were considered. P-values were estimated using 10,000 permutations and power was evaluated using 1,000 replicates.