Characterization of Negative Feedback Network Motifs in the TGF-β Signaling Pathway

<div><p>{Chung, 2009 #1}The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of cytokines plays a fundamental role in a wide variety of cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and tissue homeostasis. Its relevance is emphasized by the mutations of its core components that are associated with diverse human diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular pathologies. A prominent regulator of the pathway is Smad7, which attenuates the signal and controls its duration in a cell-type-dependent manner through a negative feedback loop. Here, we characterize all the potential Smad7-mediated negative feedback network motifs and investigate their effects on the signaling dynamics upon stimulation with TGF-β and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands. The results show that the specific negative feedback implementation is a key determinant of both the response of the system to single and multiple ligands of the TGF-β superfamily and its robustness and sensitivity to parameter perturbations.</p>