Influence of (A) adult sex ratio and (B) group size on female group behavior (Principal Component 3, PC3) in 45 different Alpine ibex mating groups.

<p>High values of PC3 predominantly reflected high female group time budget spent in intra-sexual (female-female) agonistic behavior and moving behavior, and little time spent in lying behavior. The figure presents the best fitting model (significant regression lines and 95% confidence intervals) based on BIC for the overall data (N = 45 mating groups). A potential outlier (mating group n° 44) is shown as a filled circle (see text for statistics without that mating group).