Transient population growth, operational sex ratios and fertilization probabilities for populations near the Allee threshold.

<p>Each simulation is initialized with an “old” population, where all females (<i>F</i>₀) and males (<i>M</i>₀) are sexually mature adults at the beginning of the projection, and no female is accompanied by dependent offspring. Populations with male-biased, balanced, and female-biased sex ratios are shown in red, black, and blue, respectively. Population sizes in panels (A,E,I) correspond to independent adults and subadults only, that is, they do not include dependent offspring. (A–D) Three populations where mate limitation leads to extirpation (red: <i>M</i>₀ = 10, <i>F</i>₀ = 4; black: <i>M</i>₀ = 7, <i>F</i>₀ = 7; blue: <i>M</i>₀ = 4, <i>F</i>₀ = 10); (E–H) Three populations that increase to persistence even though initial population growth is slowed by mate limitation (red: <i>M</i>₀ = 22, <i>F</i>₀ = 8; black: <i>M</i>₀ = 15, <i>F</i>₀ = 15; blue: <i>M</i>₀ = 8, <i>F</i>₀ = 22); (I–L) Two populations that initially show a long decline before eventually increasing to persistence (red: <i>M</i>₀ = 26, <i>F</i>₀ = 4; blue: <i>M</i>₀ = 2, <i>F</i>₀ = 28). For all populations, the habitat area is set as <i>H</i> = 100,000 km².