Experimental paradigm: Schematic representation of consecutive baseline and training sessions and the delayed retest session.

<p>(A) Experiment 1 consisted of a baseline session and 3 daily repetitive training sessions at 24-h intervals for 14 healthy participants. (B) Experiment 2 consisted of baseline and training sessions, and a retest session 12 h after the training session for 38 healthy participants randomly allocated to the wake and sleep groups. (C) During training and retest, the participant's real hand was draped, and the mirror image of a realistic life-sized rubber hand (RH) was reflected 100 mm to the right of their real hand. Both the rubber and real hands were gently touched with synchronized 0.5-Hz sticks. The training and retest sessions consisted of 150 and 15 stimulation repetitions, respectively. During the baseline session, only the participant's real hand was touched 15 times. The subjective ownership rating of the rubber hand (OR) and proprioceptive drift (PD) were repeatedly measured immediately before and after each baseline, training, or retest session. Physiological/autonomic responses were simultaneously measured by the galvanic skin response (GSR) during these test sessions.