Niches, Population Structure and Genome Reduction in <i>Ochrobactrum intermedium</i>: Clues to Technology-Driven Emergence of Pathogens

<div><p><i>Ochrobactrum intermedium</i> is considered as an emerging human environmental opportunistic pathogen with mild virulence. The distribution of isolates and sequences described in literature and databases showed frequent association with human beings and polluted environments. As population structures are related to bacterial lifestyles, we investigated by multi-locus approach the genetic structure of a population of 65 isolates representative of the known natural distribution of <i>O. intermedium</i>. The population was further surveyed for genome dynamics using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and genomics. The population displayed a clonal epidemic structure with events of recombination that occurred mainly in clonal complexes. Concerning biogeography, clones were shared by human and environments and were both cosmopolitan and local. The main cosmopolitan clone was genetically and genomically stable, and grouped isolates that all harbored an atypical insertion in the <i>rrs</i>. Ubiquitism and stability of this major clone suggested a clonal succes in a particular niche. Events of genomic reduction were detected in the population and the deleted genomic content was described for one isolate. <i>O. intermedium</i> displayed allopatric characters associated to a tendancy of genome reduction suggesting a specialization process. Considering its relatedness with <i>Brucella</i>, this specialization might be a commitment toward pathogenic life-style that could be driven by technological selective pressure related medical and industrial technologies.</p>