Th1 cell differentiation is promoted by glutamate.

<p>(A) CD4⁺ T cells were cultivated on irradiated splenocytes in the presence of 10 µg/mL anti-IL-4 alone or with 10 ng/mL IL-12 for 4 days, with or without 100 µM MK801 or 100 µM glutamate, each of which was reloaded after 2 days of polarization. Cells were washed and restimulated with PMA/ionomycin/BFA for 4 h and analyzed by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry analyses were quantified and expressed as mean ± s.e.m. (n = 3, one-way ANOVA test, *p<0.05). (B) CD4⁺ T cells were cultivated on irradiated splenocytes in the presence 10 µg/mL anti-IL-4 for 4 days with or without 100 µM glutamate, and cells were washed and restimulated with PMA/ionomycin/BFA for 4 h and analyzed by flow cytometry. The histogram represents TBet expressing cells.