PS extracts inhibit attachment of virus particles to host cells.

<p>The effects of PS extract (PS), polyphenols enriched from PS extract (PSPP) by adsorption to polyvinylpolypyrrolidone and the reference compound Griffithsin (GRFT) on virus attachment were determined by fluorescent imaging of virus particles associated with host cells. Controls consisted of cells without virus inoculum (background) and cells exposed to virus particles in the absence of inhibitory compounds (attachment control). LC5-RIC-R5 cells were exposed to fluorescently tagged R5 virus particles (R5 HIV-1 NL4-3 Gag-iGFP) in the presence of the fusion inhibitor T20. Cells were stained with DiD (membrane stain; pink) and DAPI (DNA stain; blue). <i>A</i>, Representative images are shown for each sample. Scale bars: 35 µm. <i>B</i>, Quantitative analysis of cell-associated fluorescent signals. Quantification of cell-associated GFP signals was performed with Volocity 6.2.1 imaging software. Cells were identified manually. 160-180 cells from at least 5 images were analyzed for each sample. Mean values and standard deviations are shown. Statistical significances were determined by one-way Anova with Bonferroni post-hoc test. **** p<0.0001.