HMGB-1 directly mediates retinal endothelial cell death.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Expression of HMGB-1 receptors (TLR4 and RAGE) in HMGB-1-treated (5 and 10 µg/ml) and control (PBS-treated) retinal endothelial cells. (<b>B</b>) Treatment with HMGB-1 (10 µg/ml) increases cell death in primary human retinal endothelial cell cultures. All experiments were repeated at least three times (*P<0.05, **P<0.01). (<b>C</b>) Endothelial cell death was determined using annexin V and annexinV/PI to identify apoptotic and necrotic cells, respectively.