Toxoplasma actively suppresses anti-viral host responses via a soluble factor.

<p>(a) co-infection assay in HFF cells showing <i>Mx1</i> gene expression in <i>Toxoplasma</i> infected cultures (Tg), cultures inoculated with heat-killed <i>Neospora</i> (HK Nc; striped bar), or infected with <i>Toxoplasma</i> for one hr before challenge with heat-killed <i>Neospora</i> (black bar). (b) QPCR analysis of <i>IRF7</i> (open bars) and <i>HERC5</i> (striped bars) expression in HFF cells pre-treated with fresh media or conditioned media from <i>T. gondii</i> infected cells (1° treatment) prior to infection with <i>N. caninum</i> (2° treatment). c) HFF cells were pretreated with supernatants from experiment in panel a, then infected with VSV-GFP. Representative fluorescence micrographs are shown. Error bars indicate standard deviations for three biological replicates; * = <i>P</i>≤0.01. Experiment was repeated two times with similar results.