Interactions between a Sap Beetle, Sabal Palm, Scale Insect, Filamentous Fungi and Yeast, with Discovery of Potential Antifungal Compounds

<div><p>The multi-trophic relationship between insects, yeast, and filamentous fungi is reported on sabal palm (<i>Sabal palmetto</i> (Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f.). Gut content analyses and observations of adult and larval feeding of the sap beetle <i>Brachypeplus glaber</i> LeConte indicate that niche partitioning of fungal food substrata occurs between adults and larvae. This is the first report of specific mycophagous niche partitioning among beetle life stages based on gut content analyses. Fungi isolated from the beetle gut of adults, larvae, and pupae include species of <i>Fusarium</i> Link, <i>Cladosporium</i> Link, and <i>Penicillium</i> Link, which were differentially ingested by larvae and adults; <i>Fusarium solani</i> and <i>Penicillium</i> species in larvae, whereas <i>F. oxysoproum</i>, F. <i>verticillioides</i>, and <i>Cladosporium</i> in adults. These data indicate the first species-level host data for <i>Brachypeplus</i> Erichson species. <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i> (Matsush.) Nirenberg was the most commonly occurring fungal gut component, being isolated from the palm as well as gut of larvae, pupae, and adults; representing a commonly shared food resource. One species of yeast, <i>Meyerozyma caribbica</i> (Vaughan-Mart. et al.) Kurtzman & Suzuki (basionym = <i>Pichia caribbica</i>), was isolated from all life stages and is likely responsible for anti-fungal properties observed in the pupae and represents a promising source of antifungal compounds; rearing and diagnostic protocols are provided to aid biomedical researchers. Feeding and cleaning behaviors are documented using time-lapse video-micrography, and discussed in a behavioral and functional morphological context. Adults spent long periods feeding, often >1/3 of the two-hour observation period. A generic adult body posture was observed during feeding, and included substrate antennation before and after ingestion. Adult grooming behaviors were manifested in distinct antennal and tarsal cleaning mechanisms. Larval behaviors were different from adults, and larvae feeding on <i>Fusarium</i> fungi immediately ceased all subsequent feeding. This is the first ethogram for any adult or larval sap beetle.</p>