Expression of IFNγ, IFNβ, and TNFα in the duodenum and their correlation with the levels of CXCR3 ligands.

<p><b>a.</b> The mRNA levels of IFNγ, IFNβ, and TNFα were determined by real-time PCR in the same set of samples that were previously tested: untreated celiac (n = 26), patients on a GFD (n = 6), and non-CD controls (n = 25). The IFNγ expression levels were significantly higher in the untreated celiac patients compared with the treated patients (p = 0.0123) and the controls (p<0.0001). The TNFα levels in the untreated celiac patients were lower than those found in the controls and the treated patients (unpaired t-test; p = 0.0054 and p = 0.0004, respectively). No significant difference was observed in the IFNβ expression levels between these groups. <b>b.</b> The correlation of the CXCL10 expression levels with the IFNγ levels in duodenal samples from untreated CD patients and non-CD controls was analysed. The IFNγ levels were positively correlated with the CXCL10 expression level in both untreated celiac patients (r = 04233, p = 0.0312) and non-CD controls (r = 0.5448, p = 0.0049). Linear regression analysis, Pearson’s coefficient, F-test.