Increases in plasma GIP and GLP-1 levels after intragastric glucose are abolished in SGLT1-deficient mice.

<p><i>Sglt1^+/+</i> and <i>sglt1^−/−</i> mice were challenged with an oral glucose gavage (4 g/kg). Plasma GIP, GLP-1 and insulin hormone levels were measured before (white bars) and 15 minutes after the bolus (plaid bars). (A) Total GIP concentrations in the fasting state (basal) and after glucose gavage. (B) Active GLP-1 concentrations in the fasting state and after glucose gavage. (C) Insulin concentrations in the fasting state and after gavage. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical analyses were performed using 2-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test. * <i>p</i><0.05, ** <i>p</i><0.01, *** <i>p</i><0.001. N = 3–8 mice per group.