Rate of adaptation, evolvability and orientation of genetic variance relative to selection gradients (β) for ten bird populations.

<p>The relative rate of adaptation R_A is calculated according to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0090444#pone.0090444.e004" target="_blank">eq (2)</a> and compares the rate of adaptation in the presence and the absence of genetic correlations. If the rate of adaptation is lower than 1, genetic correlations slow down adaptation. For each population the proportion of support of the posterior distribution (PS) for the hypothesis of R_A<1 is also given. In bold are shown significant estimates where the posterior distribution supports the hypothesis by at least 95%. Multivariate evolvability (×100), the amount of predicted response occurring exactly in the direction of selection was calculated according to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0090444#pone.0090444.e011" target="_blank">eq (4)</a>. Average evolvability (×100), the average evolvability in random direction of phenotypic space was calculated according to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0090444#pone.0090444.e012" target="_blank">eq (5)</a>. The angles between selection gradients and g_max (θ_gmax) were calculated according to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0090444#pone.0090444.e013" target="_blank">eq (6)</a>.