Metformin treatment ameliorates HFD-induced liver inflammatory responses.

<p>Mice were treated as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0091111#pone-0091111-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>. After the feeding/treatment regimen, mice were fasted for 4 hr prior to collection of tissue samples. (A) Liver sections were stained for F4/80⁺ cells. (B) Liver inflammatory signaling. Liver extracts were subjected to Western blot analyses. Ratios of phosphorylated JNK1 to total JNK1 (Pp46/p46) and phosphorylated NF-κB p65 to total p65 (Pp65/p65) were quantified using densitometry and normalized to GAPDH. (C) Liver mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed using real-time PCR. For bar graphs (B and C), data are means ± SE, n = 6–8. ^†, <i>P</i><0.05 and ^††, <i>P</i><0.01 HFD-PBS vs. LFD-PBS; *, <i>P</i><0.05 and **, <i>P</i><0.01 HFD-Met vs. HFD-PBS.