Topography and architecture of <i>V. cholerae</i> biofilms.

<p>Each strain was grown in a 4-well cell culture plate containing 500 μl FSLW. A glass cover slip was dipped into each culture well and incubated overnight statically at room temperature. The glass cover slips were stained with SYTO 9 and the images were obtained using a laser scanning confocal microscopy with an excitation and emission wavelengths of 484 and 500 nm, respectively. (A) Images of x–y sections (top panels) and x–z projections of the same biofilms (bottom panels) were analyzed with DAIME software; magnification, x200. (B) Average biofilm heights (μm) for each strain measured across five random x–z sections. (C) Total volume of biofilm (μm³) for each strain calculated by x–y and x–z projections. A p-value of <0.005 was considered statistically significant.