Experimental design and stimulus presentation.

<p>A) Sequence of displays in each saccade trial of Experiment 1. A placeholder (rectangles) appeared 12° to the right of the fixation spot, followed by the target face (shaded ovals). In saccade trials, the offset of the green fixation spot cued observers to make a saccade to the target face. In no-saccade trials, the fixation spot was red and observers stayed fixated on it instead. The red box outlines the target face presentation. B) The presentation of the targeted face crowded by flankers in Experiment 2. The center-to-center distance between the target and two horizontal flankers was 3.5° and the distance between the target and two vertical flankers was 5°.