Effects of aromatic amino acids on signaling pathways under normoxia.

<p>Reverse-phase protein array graphs of BMMSCs grown under normoxic conditions (21% O₂/5% CO₂). When cells were 80% confluent, they were treated with either Phe, Tyr, Trp, Val or Thr (100 µM) in serum-free media for 3 h and compared to the untreated control (100%). <b>a-</b>Akt pathway <b>b-</b>FOXM1 <b>c-</b>MAP2K1 and <b>d-</b> RPS6. The cells were washed twice with PBS and lysis buffer was added to the plates. Results are expressed as means ± SEM for three independent experiments. *<i>p</i>≤0.05 and # <i>p</i>≤0.01. AKT1 AKT2 AKT3: protein kinase B (Akt_pT308-R-V). FOXM1: Fork-head box protein M1 (FoxM1-R-V). MAP2K1: Mitogen activated protein kinase (MEK1-R-V), RPS6:Ribosomal protein s6 (S6_pS240_S244-R-V).