Schematic representation of signaling pathways activated in <i>F. oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>cubense</i> race 4 isolate (Foc4) during infection of the banana variety ‘Brazil’.

<p>FGA1 (Gα) mediated G protein signaling, the FMK1-controlled mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and the pathogenicity associated two-component signal transduction system might be activated in Foc4. GPCR, G protein coupled receptor; Gα, G protein alpha subunit; Gβ & Gγ, G protein beta and gamma subunits; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; AC, adenylate cyclase; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; PKA, protein kinase A; MAPKKK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase; MAPKK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; FMK1, mitogen-activated protein kinase; Ste12, transcription factor; SLN, histidine kinase; RR, response regulator. These pathways were characterized to associate with pathogenesis in fungal pathogens.