Mice exposed to uninfected <i>P. duboscqi</i> bites are protected against vector-transmitted <i>L. major</i>.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Representative parasite load and percent metacyclics in the gut of infected <i>P. duboscqi</i> sand flies the day of transmission. The mean ± SEM are shown. (<b>B–C</b>) Mice exposed to uninfected bites in the right ear (▪) or are naïve () were challenged with 10 <i>L. major</i>-infected <i>P. duboscqi</i> sand flies in the left ear two weeks after the last exposure. (<b>B</b>) Weekly measurement of ear lesions after transmission. The mean ± SEM for 10 mice per group are shown. (<b>C</b>) The number of parasites per ear for five mice at four weeks post-transmission determined by limiting dilution assay. The bar represents the mean parasite burden per ear. Data are representative of three independent experiments. *<i>p</i><0.02; **<i>p</i> = 0.008.